Robert Jasper Grootveld: The man who put Amsterdam on the map
By The Holland Times Monday 14 September 2009, 15:09
Widely hailed as the face of Amsterdam in the 1960's, Robert Jasper Grootveld passed away on February 26, succumbing to lung disease at the age of 76.
Grootveld was a controversial and enigmatic figure who grew to represent the counter-culture movement in Amsterdam. As an artist, he was known for his anti-smoking "Happenings;" as an activist he was hailed for co-founding the "rabble rousing" Provo movement.
Among other socio-cultural achievements, Grootveld's legacy includes paving the way toward the liberal drug culture of the Netherlands. In 2005, Dutch comedian Freek de Jonge said of Grootveld that, "the sole reason the twentieth century did not pass by this country entirely was one man, one man who gave this country an entirely different image, who looked at the status quo and changed it."
Anti-smoking magician
Born to a family of carpenters in Amsterdam, Grootveld spent much of the fifties as a window washer and labourer in the NSDM yards. By 1961, after a bike ride to Paris, Grootveld experienced a transformation in character and began to embrace the early non-conformism of the time.
As a self-described "anti-smoking magician," Grootveld became engrossed by the idea of addiction, specifically to cigarettes and marijuana. He would traipse around the city, often in full costume, scrawling a large letter K for the Dutch word for cancer, on any public tobacco advertisements.
Grootveld viewed Western society as dominated by unhealthy addictions, the worst of which was cigarette smoking. "All those grown-up patients, begging and praying for a cigarette was a disgusting sight," he said. In an ironic twist, Grootveld remained a chain-smoker throughout his life, a habit that contributed to his February passing.
Happenings
An acknowledged exhibitionist, Grootveld took to the streets to spread his message and stir up attention. In what was dubbed "Happenings," he would hold meetings in Amsterdam's Spui square by the statue of a child, Het Lievertje. They were wild, lively gatherings for crowds of bohemians, artists, intellectuals, curious by-passers, and police.
By 1964, the happenings had gained a steady following. Every Saturday at midnight, masses of would-be followers joined in chants with Grootveld, singing the anti-smoking jingle, the "Ugge Ugge," or "Cough Cough" song.
Grootveld's influence grew immensely during this time, to such an extent that friend and fellow artist Max Reneman called him "the first Dutch philosopher of the spoken word since Erasmus and Spinoza." But, the city's authorities saw a different picture of Grootveld.
Quite often, Grootveld was arrested during the Spui happenings. According to his biographer, Eric van Duivenvoorden, "Nobody in the Netherlands was arrested as often as Robert Jasper Grootveld."
In the earliest days, police regarded him as a harmless eccentric. But, by 1965, and the birth of the Provo movement, Grootveld's role as co-founder of the group led to increased media sensationalism and an over-reactive police presence.
The Provos
In May, 1965, Grootveld met Provo co-founder Roel van Duyn, who was distributing leaflets announcing the emergence of the movement at one of the Happenings. Grootveld later said he immediately felt a kinship with the group. "When I read the word anarchism in that first pamphlet, I realized that this outdated, 19th century ideology would be come the hottest thing in the sixties."
The Provos, precursors to the hippie movement in Amsterdam, viewed the authorities as self-righteous. They were determined to stir up violent reactions from the police, through non-violent actions on their part. The group viewed the police as essential non-creative elements for successful Provo Happenings, with Grootveld calling them, "co-happeners." He often worked closely with them as an informer, usually sharing propagandistic truths.
One of the most noteworthy campaigns of the Provos, led by Grootveld, was aimed at revealing the establishment's complete ignorance on the subject of cannabis. Grootveld and fellow Provo Fred Wessels opened the "Afrikaanse Druk Stoor," where they sold both real and fake marijuana, tricking the authorities into making false arrests.
In a stunt coined the "Marihuettegame," Grootveld and his followers continually provoked the police and the drug policies at the time. Setting out to get busted for consuming or carrying tea or herbs (substances they called "marihu") instead of marijuana, the Provos would often call the police on themselves, gaining so-called points if they were busted.
Today, the Provos' Marihuettegame is largely considered the starting point toward the country's liberal drug policy. The Provos launched a number of other more serious social campaigns in the city, called White Plans, aimed at "an important ideological split with capitalism, communism, and socialism." The most famous of these plans, the White Bicycle Plan, created by Provo Luud Schimmelpennink, is still in practice today.
The group also published a newsletter in 1965, called the Provo magazine. Distributed with free firecrackers, the magazine was immediately confiscated by police. For the movement however, the publication was a validation. According Grootveld, it was then the establishment realized "that we were not mere dopey scum, but were quite capable of some sort of organisation."
End of an era
As the Provo movement gained popularity, the authorities' reactions to the group intensified. And, as the anti-Vietnam sentiment gained a presence throughout Amsterdam and among Provos, the atmosphere turned chaotic.
By July, 1965, police became openly violent toward those attending Happenings, and media coverage grew alarmingly biased. After a Saturday happening where Provos and police broke out in fights, De Telegraaf newspaper declared, "The Provos are attacking!"
Despite attempts at holding non-violent Happenings, the Provos were continually harassed by police. By the end of the year, the government instilled laws specifically targeting the group, including an all-out ban on demonstrations.
While they were still active in the city, and had staged a hugely successful protest at the royal wedding of Princess Beatrix and Claus von Amsberg, the Provo movement was facing its end by 1966.
For Grootveld, what were once playful happenings at the Spui had turned into violent conflicts between the Provos and the authorities. At the end of the year, he withdrew from the Provo movement and by 1970 had retreated to anonymity.
Floating gardens
Grootveld lived the rest of his life solo in Amsterdam, experimenting with ways to add greenery to the Eastern Harbour Area. "He saw that the city was no longer green and children had no more leeway. His dream was to create massive floating gardens," said a friend to De Volkskrant newspaper.
Experimenting with the buoyancy of Styrofoam, Grootveld created rafts wrapped in synthetic cloth and layered with earth. These floating islands became permanent gardens at the Zeeburgerkade. Now, nearly thirty years later, the Zeeburg district has embraced Groootveld's floating gardens and is working to adapt his concept to create two larger, five tonne islands into gardens and parks.
Thus Grootveld leaves behind yet another legacy in Amsterdam, adding to a long life history of challenging the norm with creativity. To honour a man who has done so much to improve Amsterdam, friend Henk J. Meier has urged City Hall to erect a Grootveld statue at the Spui.
Perhaps now that he has passed, and the city is reminded of his contributions to it's history, the statue will be erected. For Grootveld himself, however, the desire to gain fame and recognition for his actions had long since passed.
He was quoted in 1997 in De Groene Amsterdammer: "Famous, famous... those who are famous are honoured, and I was never honoured. I was well-known, infamous perhaps."
The White Plans
- White bicycle plan: Proposed closing central Amsterdam to all motorised traffic. The municipality was to provide 20,000 white bikes per year, which would be public property and free for everybody to use. The plans were rejected by authorities, but the Provos decided to go ahead anyway. They painted 50 bikes white and left them on streets for public use. The police impounded the bikes, as they violated laws forbidding citizens to leave bikes unlocked. Today, several European cities including Paris, London, Barcelona and Stockholm have implemented similar bike sharing programs that supply thousands of bicycles to citizens free of charge. (BIKE PIC)
- White Chimney Plan: Proposed that air polluters be taxed and the chimneys of serious polluters painted white.
- White Wives Plan: Proposed a network of clinics offering advice and contraceptives, with the intention to reduce unwanted pregnancies and promote sexual education.
- White Chicken Plan: Proposal for the reorganization of the Amsterdam police (called "kip" in Dutch slang, meaning "chicken") by placing them under the jurisdiction of the Municipality rather than the Mayor. The Provos intended to transform the police from guards to social workers.
- White Housing Plan: The plan sought to address Amsterdam's acute housing problem by banning speculation in house building and squatting, and using Waterlooplein as an open-air market.
- White Kids Plan: The plan proposed shared parenting in groups of five couples, where parents would take turns caring for the group's children on different days of the week.
- White Victim Plan: The Plan proposed that anyone having caused death while driving would build a warning memorial on the site of the accident by carving the victim's outline one inch deep into the pavement and filling it with white mortar.
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